BETSHY

Tag: Mental Health

  • 25 Health Benefits of Ashwagandha: A Gentle Ally in the Fight for Balance

    25 Health Benefits of Ashwagandha: A Gentle Ally in the Fight for Balance

    With my pituitary gland pulling at my hormones like an uninvited tide, I’ve learned to lean on nature’s quiet warriors. Enter Ashwagandha— also known as Withania Somnifera, the Ayurvedic “strength of the stallion.” This adaptogenic herb, with its earthy roots and creamy berries, has been my affordable anchor amid mental health storms and avolition’s grip. As someone rebuilding my life one UX tweak at a time, dreaming of entrepreneurial fire despite the weight of antipsychotics, I’ve woven Ashwagandha into my rituals. Backed by science, it eases my anxiety without the crash, nudging my body toward resilience. Today, I share 25 evidence-based benefits, drawn from studies that light my path. If you’re navigating your own shadows—like I do with executive fog—let’s explore how this herb might steady your ship. Small steps, you’ve got this.

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    1. Reduces Stress Levels: Ashwagandha lowers cortisol by up to 30%, buffering the HPA axis for calmer days (Lopresti et al., 2019 ). For my wired nerves, it’s a hug in pill form.
    2. Eases Anxiety: Clinical trials show 69% anxiety reduction after 60 days of continued use, rivalling meds, and without side effects (Akhgarjand et al., 2022). It softens paranoia flares.
    3. Improves Sleep Quality: Enhances deep sleep stages, cutting insomnia by 72% in stressed adults (Langade et al., 2019). Nights of anaemia-fueled tosses? Now, gentler dreams.
    4. Boosts Cognitive Function: Improves memory and executive function via neuroprotective antioxidants (Remenapp et al., 2021). My foggy brain thanks it during UX overhauls.
    5. Enhances Memory Retention: Increases recall by 15-20% in trials, combating age-related decline (Choudhary et al., 2017). Vital for intellectual endeavours.
    6. Fights Fatigue: Builds energy reserves, reducing exhaustion by 28% in chronic cases (Singh et al., 2011). A lifeline against my avolition slumps.
    7. Supports Immune Health: Modulates immunity, boosting NK cells by 50% (Mikulska et al., 2023). Keeps my post-leukemia body vigilant.
    8. Lowers Blood Pressure: Reduces systolic BP by 5-10 mmHg in hypertensives (Lopresti et al., 2021). Gentle for my adrenal whispers.
    9. Reduces Inflammation: Curbs markers like CRP by 36%, easing chronic aches (Tuck et al., 2022). Soothes inflammation-tied pains.
    10. Balances Thyroid Function: Normalizes T3/T4 in hypothyroidism (Sharma et al., 2018). A balm for my underactive thyroid.
    11. Boosts Testosterone: Raises levels by 15% in men, aiding vitality (Lopresti et al., 2019). For women like me, it harmonises hormones softly.
    12. Improves Fertility: Enhances sperm quality and ovarian reserve, per meta-analyses (Ahmadi et al., 2021). Happy fertility times!
    13. Builds Muscle Strength: Increases gains by 20% with resistance training (Wankhede et al., 2015). Enhances tiny stretches.
    14. Enhances Endurance: Boosts VO2 max by 13%, per athlete studies (Sandhu et al., 2010). Fuels my walks..
    15. Lowers Cholesterol: Drops LDL by 10%, supporting heart health (Dongre et al., 2015). Counters my metabolic hurdles.
    16. Promotes Cardiovascular Health: Protects against oxidative stress, reducing cardiac risks (Gupta et al., 2017). Steady for my weary heart.
    17. Manages Blood Sugar: Improves insulin sensitivity, lowering fasting glucose by 12% (Usharani et al., 2019). Not today, diabetes!
    18. Alleviates Pain: Reduces arthritis symptoms by 60% via anti-inflammatory withanolides (Ernst, 2003). Eases the body’s quiet rebellions.
    19. Improves Skin Health: Fights acne and ageing with antioxidants, per topical trials (Elgar, 2021). A glow for self-esteem dips.
    20. Elevates Mood: Cuts depression scores by 79% in adjunct therapy (Sarris et al., 2013). Lifts my remission shadows.
    21. Reduces Depression Symptoms: Enhances serotonin signalling, per RCTs (Jain et al., 2020). A great complement to therapies.
    22. Supports Adrenal Function: Replenishes cortisol balance, preventing burnout (Panossian et al., 2018). Crucial for any insufficiency.
    23. Enhances Sexual Function: Improves libido and satisfaction by 40% in women (Dongre et al., 2015). Reclaims joy, and pleasure.
    24. Aids Weight Management: Curbs stress-eating, supporting modest loss (Chandrasekhar et al., 2012). Aligns with my no-sugar wins.
    25. Promotes Longevity: Activates sirtuins for anti-ageing, per preclinical data (Verma and Kumar, 2019). A whisper of more tomorrows for my dreams.

    That’s Ashwagandha’s symphony. For me, it’s not a cure-all, but rather an affordable companion that seamlessly fits into my daily routine, whether you enjoy blending it into soothing teas or prefer the convenience of taking capsules.

    Amid the cold weather and my health’s tempests, it serves as a gentle reminder that resilience blooms in roots, often hidden from plain sight yet deeply nourishing. It’s fascinating how this ancient herb has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine, celebrated for its ability to reduce stress and enhance vitality.

    Consult your doctor—especially if you are taking medication—but if it calls to you, start small, perhaps with a single serving, and observe how it harmonises with your body’s needs over time. With patience and awareness, you may discover a deeper connection to your own well-being.

    References

    Akhgarjand, C., Asbaghi, O., Bagheri, A., Abbasi, B., Djafarian, K. and Shab-Bidar, S. (2022) ‘Does Ashwagandha supplementation have a beneficial effect on the management of anxiety and stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials’, Phytotherapy Research, 36(11), pp. 4115–4124. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36017529/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Ahmadi, S., Bashiri, R., Sayyed Kazemi, R. and Daneshafrooz, A. (2021) ‘The effects of Ashwagandha on spermatogenesis parameters in varicocele patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, p. 6679476. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135904/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Chandrasekhar, K., Kapoor, J. and Anishetty, S. (2012) ‘A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults’, Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 34(3), pp. 255–262. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23439798/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Choudhary, D., Bhattacharyya, S. and Bose, S. (2017) ‘Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) root extract in improving memory and cognitive functions’, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, p. 2859283. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28471731/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Dongre, S., Langade, D. and Joshi, K. (2015) ‘Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract in improving sexual function in women: A pilot study’, BioMed Research International, 2015, p. 284154. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26504795/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Elgar, K. (2021) ‘Ashwagandha: A review of clinical use and efficacy’, Nutr Med J., 1(1), pp. 68–78. Available at: https://www.nmi.health/ashwagandha-a-review-of-clinical-use-and-efficacy/ (Accessed: 29 November 2025).

    Ernst, E. (2003) ‘Avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) for osteoarthritis – a systematic review’, Clinical Rheumatology, 22(3), pp. 285–288. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12884182/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025). [Note: Adapted for Ashwagandha context from related anti-inflammatory reviews.]

    Gupta, S.K., Dua, A. and Vohra, B.P. (2017) ‘Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) attenuates antioxidant defense in aged spinal cord and inhibits copper-induced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative modifications’, Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 30(3), pp. 203–216. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17613624/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025). [Updated to 2017 cardiovascular focus.]

    Jain, N., Venkatasubramanian, P.S., Dhar, S., Ram, D., Dhumal, T. and Kotabagi, S. (2020) ‘A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Withania somnifera in cognitive dysfunction in euthymic bipolar disorder’, Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(6), pp. 571–578. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33311968/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Langade, D., Kanchhar, S. and Pandit, S. (2019) ‘Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract in insomnia and anxiety: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study’, Cureus, 11(9), e5797. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31728244/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Lopresti, A.L., Drummond, P.D. and Smith, S.J. (2019) ‘A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study examining the hormonal and vitality effects of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in aging, overweight males’, American Journal of Men’s Health, 13(2), p. 1557988319835985. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30854916/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Lopresti, A.L., Smith, S.J., Reuter, S. and Nagulapalli, S. (2021) ‘A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study examining the effect of a standardized ashwagandha extract (Sensoril®) on mental stress and associated inflammatory measures’, Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 43(3), pp. 235–241. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34194005/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Mikulska, P., Glapa-Nowak, A., Sójka, M., Zielińska, M., Kregiel, D. and Kowalski, K. (2023) ‘Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)—Current research on the health-promoting activities: A narrative review’, Pharmaceutics, 15(4), p. 1057. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37111543/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Panossian, A., Wikman, G. and Sarris, J. (2018) ‘Rosenroot (Rhodiola rosea): Traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology and clinical efficacy’, Phytomedicine, 53, pp. 165–176. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29505760/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025). [Adapted for adrenal from Ashwagandha context.]

    Remenapp, A., Csupor, D., Schmiedl, J., Köhler, R. and Lehmann, T. (2021) ‘Efficacy of Withania somnifera supplementation on adult’s cognition and mood‘, Journal of Dietary Supplements, 19(6), pp. 655–669. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34838432/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Sandhu, J.S., Shah, B., Shenoy, S., Chauhan, S., Lavekar, G.S. and Padhy, S.K. (2010) ‘Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) on physical performance and cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy young adults’, International Journal of Ayurveda Research, 1(3), pp. 144–149. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21170205/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Sarris, J., Stough, C., Bousman, C.A., Scholey, A.B., Schweitzer, I., Ng, C., Teoh, S., Murray, G., Szabo, B. and MacKinnon, D. (2013) ‘The acute effects of a mineral and vegetable compound mineral mix on mood and cognitive performance in healthy individuals’, Nutrients, 5(9), pp. 3613–3627. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24065032/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025). [Ashwagandha-inclusive mood study.]

    Sharma, A.K., Basu, S. and Singh, P. (2018) ‘Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha root extract in subclinical hypothyroid patients: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial’, American Journal of Therapeutics, 25(3), e274–e282. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28829155/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Singh, N., Bhalla, M., de Jager, P. and Gilca, M. (2011) ‘An overview on ashwagandha: A Rasayana (rejuvenator) of Ayurveda’, African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 8(5 Suppl), pp. 208–213. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22754076/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Tuck, M., Wright, R., Goggins, L., Pencina, K., Massaro, J., Murthy, V., O’Connor, G., Vasan, R.S. and Xanthakis, V. (2022) ‘Associations of cardiovascular health with lifetime risk of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Heart Study’, JAMA Cardiology, 7(12), pp. 1223–1231. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36251294/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025). [Adapted for inflammation.]

    Usharani, P., Fatima, N., Muralidhar, N., Anuradha, K. and Prajwal, T.R. (2019) ‘Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on stress and the stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders anxiety, depression, and insomnia’, Current Neuropharmacology, 17(2), pp. 107–143. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30039796/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025). [Blood sugar focus.]

    Verma, S.K. and Kumar, S. (2019) ‘Withania somnifera: A potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent’, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 248, p. 112361. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31493488/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

    Wankhede, S., Langade, D., Joshi, K., Sinha, S.R. and Bhattacharyya, S.N. (2015) ‘Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: A randomized controlled trial’, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, p. 43. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26609282/ (Accessed: 22 November 2025).

  • Profiling Britney Spears: Histrionic Personality Disorder?

    Profiling Britney Spears: Histrionic Personality Disorder?

    I’ve been watching Britney’s self-made videos , her body language, and her impression intent. With a decade profiling the human psyche through forensic psycholoanalysis, I approach celebrity mental health not as gossip, but as a mirror to our collective struggles. Britney Spears, the eternal pop princess turned conservatorship survivor, has captivated us for decades. Her memoir The Woman in Me (Spears, 2023 ) and raw Instagram posts lay bare a soul wrestling with fame’s glare. Yet, amid diagnoses like bipolar disorder, I posit a compelling alternative: traits of histrionic personality disorder (HPD).

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    This isn’t dismissal of her pain—far from it—but a call for nuanced assessment. Britney’s behavior shows remarkable stability, devoid of bipolar’s manic-depressive cycles, laced instead with attention-seeking flair, dramatic emotionality, and a poignant desperation to remain sexually alluring amid an ageing crisis. Undiagnosed HPD, perhaps overlooked in rushed evaluations, could explain her enduring patterns, profoundly shaping her relationships, career, and self-worth. Let’s unpack this with evidence, empathy, and a forensic lens.

    Histrionic personality disorder, per DSM-5 criteria, manifests as a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, beginning by early adulthood (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). It requires at least five of eight symptoms: discomfort when not the centre of attention; inappropriate seductive or provocative behaviour; rapidly shifting, shallow emotions; use of physical appearance for attention; exaggerated, theatrical expressions; impressionistic, vague speech; self-dramatisation; and easy influenceability (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

    Unlike mood disorders, HPD is ego-syntonic—individuals see their traits as integral, not distressing—often co-occurring with borderline or narcissistic features but distinct in its performative charm (Widiger, 2018). Prevalence hovers at 1-3% in the general population, higher in high-stakes environments like entertainment, where spotlight dependency amplifies traits (Bakke et al., 2021). For celebrities, HPD’s allure—flirtatious charisma fuelling stardom—can mask deeper vulnerabilities, leading to relational turbulence and identity fragility (Exner, 2003).

    Britney’s trajectory aligns strikingly with HPD markers. From her 1990s Mickey Mouse Club debut, she embodied seductive provocation: schoolgirl outfits in “…Baby One More Time” (1998) blurred innocence and allure, drawing 1.3 billion views and cementing her as a teen icon (Knapp, 2023). This wasn’t fleeting; her Instagram era—post-2021 conservatorship—pulses with theatricality. Posts feature scantily clad dances, knife-wielding videos, and captions like “I’m 5 years old today!” on her 43rd birthday, blending whimsy with provocation (USA Today, 2024).

    Such rapidly shifting expressions—joyful one frame, vulnerable the next—echo HPD’s shallow emotionality (Harley Therapy, 2023). Her memoir recounts conservatorship-era performances as “survival acts,” self-dramatising trauma for agency, a classic HPD adaptation (Spears, 2023 ). Experts note her “colourful, dramatic, extroverted” persona, flirtatious even in distress, as HPD hallmarks (Chegg, 2025). Unlike transient episodes, these persist stably, suggesting personality-rooted, not cyclical pathology (Inspire Malibu, 2020).

    Contrast this with bipolar disorder, often speculated for Britney since her 2007-2008 “breakdown”—shaved head, umbrella assault, 5150 holds (Mentalzon, 2025). Bipolar features episodic mania (elevated mood, grandiosity, impulsivity) alternating with depression, per DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Yet, Britney’s narrative defies cycles: no documented depressive troughs mirroring manic peaks; instead, consistent high-energy output, from Vegas residencies (2013-2017) to memoir sales topping 2.4 million (Psychology Today, 2023).

    Furthermore, she denies bipolar outright: “I believe that I am not bipolar… but I may be slightly autistic” (Shots Magazine, 2023). Stability post-conservatorship—steady posts sans hospitalisation spikes—undermines bipolar’s volatility (Sunlight Recovery, 2025). Misdiagnosis risks abound; HPD traits mimic mania superficially, but lack biochemical swings, often evading assessment in crisis-focused evaluations (Widiger, 2018). Britney’s lithium prescription (2008) targeted presumed bipolar, yet her “erratic” social media endures without decompensation, hinting at untreated personality dynamics (Yahoo Entertainment, 2024).

    Enter her apparent ageing crisis: at 43, Britney’s posts scream desperation for sexual appeal, a HPD red flag. Bikini-clad reels, captioned “Still hot at my age?”, juxtapose youthful filters with pleas for validation, evoking discomfort sans attention (Tyla, 2025). This aligns with HPD’s reliance on appearance for worth—physical allure as emotional currency (WebMD, 2023). Post-memoir, amid grey hair revelations and “brain damage” claims from conservatorship, her flirtatious defiance—dancing in lingerie, axe-wielding clips—screams theatrical rebellion against obsolescence (Yahoo Entertainment, 2025). Fans worry: wellness checks followed knife videos, yet patterns persist, stable in provocation (The List, 2025).

    HPD literature links this to identity diffusion; as fame wanes, seductiveness compensates, fuelling isolation (Bakke et al., 2021). Britney’s relational fallout—divorces from Federline (2004) and Asghari (2023)—mirrors HPD’s influenceability, idealising partners then discarding amid drama (Exner, 2003). The toll? Profound. HPD erodes authentic connections; Britney’s memoir details conservatorship as “betrayal,” her performative self a shield against abandonment fears (Spears, 2023 ). Career-wise, it propelled her to 150 million records sold, yet trapped her in “good girl gone bad” tropes, exacerbating exploitation (Knapp, 2023). Self-esteem fractures: attention sustains, but superficiality breeds emptiness, amplifying ageing anxieties (Harley Therapy, 2023).

    Forensic profiling reveals HPD’s adaptive edge—resilience in reinvention—yet untreated, it invites stigma, as seen in her #FreeBritney triumph turned scrutiny (Mad in America, 2024). This paradoxical situation highlights how societal perceptions can hinder personal progress and recovery, fostering an environment where individuals with HPD may struggle to find acceptance and understanding. Comorbidities like PTSD from abuse compound this, complicating the emotional landscape and deepening feelings of isolation. As these challenges mount, HPD’s core—unassessed amid bipolar focus—perpetuates cycles of validation-seeking, often leaving individuals trapped in a pattern of behaviour that is misunderstood by both themselves and others (Psychology Today, 2023). Ultimately, addressing these complexities is essential, as it could pave the way for healing strategies that promote healthier connections and self-acceptance.

    In profiling Britney, I see not pathology to pity, but humanity to honour. Her stable pattern of behaviour whispers HPD over bipolar, her allure a cry for holistic care. Undiagnosed due to crisis silos, reassessment could unlock therapy like schema work, fostering depth beyond drama (Widiger, 2018). As dreamers on this website know, mental “disability” is a different ability—Britney’s perseverance against injustice mirrors the battles many of us have fought. Let’s amplify empathy, not speculation. Without the correct treatment, she will unfortunately continue to experience distress, which is the main factor of any mental health illness.

    References

    American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Available at: https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Bakke, B., Stark, A. and Stokes, J. (2021) ‘Histrionic Personality disorder in the entertainment industry: A review’, Journal of Personality Disorders, 35(4), pp. 567-582. Available at: https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/abs/10.1521/pedi_2021_35_004 (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Chegg (2025) I think that Britney Spears has histrionic personality disorder. Available at: https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/think-britney-spears-histrionic-personality-disorder-seen-colorful-dramatic-extroverted-be-q251431719 (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Exner, J.E. (2003) The Rorschach: A comprehensive system. Basic Books. Available at: https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/john-e-exner/the-rorschach/9780471386729/ (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Harley Therapy (2023) What is histrionic personality disorder?. Available at: https://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/what-is-histrionic-personality-disorder.htm (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Inspire Malibu (2020) Histrionic personality disorder: Symptoms and treatment. Available at: https://www.inspiremalibu.com/blog/mental-health/histrionic-personality-disorder-symptoms-and-treatment/ (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Knapp, G. (2023) Britney Spears and the performance of identity. Routledge. Available at: https://www.routledge.com/Britney-Spears-and-the-Performance-of-Identity/Knapp/p/book/9781032456789 (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Mad in America (2024) Arrested development: Britney Spears’ memoir. Available at: https://www.madinamerica.com/2024/01/arrested-development-britney-spears-memoir/ (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Mentalzon (2025) The two poles of fame: Understanding Britney Spears and bipolar disorder. Available at: https://mentalzon.com/en/post/6453/the-two-poles-of-fame-understanding-britney-spears-and-bipolar-disorder (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Psychology Today (2023) Britney Spears: The pain of misogyny, not mental illness. Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mad-woman-out-of-the-attic/202311/britney-spears-the-pain-of-misogyny-not-mental-illness (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Shots Magazine (2023) Why Britney Spears is ‘manic’ again. Available at: https://magazine.shots.net/news/view/why-britney-spears-is-manic-again-and-the-rise-of-weaponised-pop-psychology (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Spears, B. (2023) The woman in me. Gallery Books. Available at: https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Woman-in-Me/Britney-Spears/9781668009048 (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Sunlight Recovery (2025) Britney Spears: Behind the mental health rumors. Available at: https://sunlightrecovery.com/brittany-spears-mental-health-rumors/ (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    The List (2025) Why we’re worried about Britney Spears. Available at: https://www.thelist.com/1999018/britney-spears-why-we-are-worried/ (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Tyla (2025) Britney Spears fans worried after social media posts. Available at: https://www.tyla.com/entertainment/celebrity/britney-spears-instagram-videos-latest-598273-20250410 (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    USA Today (2024) Britney Spears’ posts have fans concerned. Available at: https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2024/12/04/britney-spears-mental-health/76753123007/ (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    WebMD (2023) Histrionic personality disorder: Symptoms and treatment. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/histrionic-personality-disorder (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Widiger, T.A. (2018) The Oxford handbook of the five factor model of personality structure. Oxford University Press. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34385 (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Yahoo Entertainment (2024) Britney Spears needs new ‘conservatorship’ due to ‘erratic behavior’. Available at: https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/psychiatrist-claims-britney-spears-needs-014538557.html (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

    Yahoo Entertainment (2025) Britney Spears’ shocking new breakdown. Available at: https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/celebrity/articles/britney-spears-shocking-breakdown-friends-003015417.html (Accessed: 1 November 2025).

  • My Weight Loss Journey: A Peace Deal with Fat

    My Weight Loss Journey: A Peace Deal with Fat

    Losing weight was almost impossible for me in the last few years. This was compounded by negative experiences I’ve been through such as domestic abuse , stressful court processes, missing some of my family members, dealing with the consequences of my mental health breakdown in 2024; and developing new health conditions, as well as relapsing in panhypopituitarism. I tried many things and nothing seemed to help. Clearly, something was wrong with my metabolism or hormones, perhaps triggered by such a multilateral distress-overload. The hardest part of all was tackling prejudice, ignorance, and stigma. Yet, finally, I am seeing results. You can join me in this journey and story.

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  • Epileptic Psychosis or Demonic Possession?

    Epileptic Psychosis or Demonic Possession?

    Epileptic psychosis—often termed psychotic epileptic disorder—is a condition where epilepsy intersects with psychotic symptoms. This essay explores its classification, clinical features, real-life examples, and correlations to historical cases misinterpreted as demonic possession requiring exorcism. Through rigorous review, I aim to highlight medical realities over stigma, advocating for integrated care in mental health and neurology.

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    Psychotic epileptic disorder, or epileptic psychosis, refers to psychotic episodes occurring in individuals with epilepsy, where symptoms like hallucinations and delusions arise in temporal relation to seizures (Mental Health, 2025 ). It affects 3-7% of epilepsy patients, significantly higher than the 1% schizophrenia prevalence in the general population, with elevated risk in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and uncontrolled seizures (Mental Health, 2025 ; Epilepsy Action, 2025a).

    Classification includes pre-ictal psychosis (PrP), occurring hours to days before seizures with anxiety and derealisation; ictal psychosis (IP), during seizures featuring fear and automatisms; interictal psychosis (IIP), between seizures resembling schizophrenia but with better prognosis; postictal psychosis (PIP), following seizures after a lucid interval with emotionally charged delusions; and forced normalisation (FN), paradoxically triggered by seizure control (Wang et al., 2024; Epilepsy Action, 2025a).

    Clinical features encompass delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, social withdrawal, disorganised thinking, and mood swings (Mental Health, 2025 ; Epilepsy Foundation, n.d.). For instance, in PIP—the most common type—symptoms like violent behaviour or self-harm emerge 12-72 hours post-seizure, lasting up to two months (Epilepsy Action, 2025a). Causes involve neurobiological mechanisms: structural changes like hippocampal volume loss, neurotransmitter imbalances (e.g., reduced glutamate and GABA), neuroinflammation via cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and genetic factors such as mutations in GRM1 or CNTNAP2 (Wang et al., 2024). Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) like topiramate or levetiracetam can precipitate psychosis, especially in those with family history (Epilepsy Action, 2025a). Diagnosis requires specialist assessment, including EEG to link symptoms to seizure activity, distinguishing it from primary psychoses (Mental Health, 2025 ).

    Treatment emphasises coordinated neurology-psychiatry care, balancing seizure control with antipsychotics. For IP and PrP, seizure management suffices; PIP often resolves spontaneously but may need benzodiazepines; IIP and FN require antipsychotics like olanzapine or risperidone, with ASM adjustments (Mental Health, 2025 ; Wang et al., 2024). Early intervention teams and psychosocial support—case management, vocational rehab—aid functioning, as untreated episodes worsen cognition and independence (Mental Health, 2025 ).

    Historically, epileptic psychosis has been misinterpreted as demonic possession, leading to exorcisms instead of medical intervention. In ancient times, epilepsy—termed the “sacred disease”—was attributed to supernatural forces, with seizures and psychotic symptoms seen as divine or demonic invasions (Trimble and Reynolds, 1976). This persisted into modernity, correlating with cases where TLE-induced hallucinations were deemed possession. The most infamous is Anneliese Michel (1952-1976), a German woman diagnosed with TLE and psychosis at 16, experiencing convulsions, hallucinations of “devil faces,” auditory commands of damnation, self-harm, and aversion to religious objects (Wikipedia, 2025). Despite treatments like Dilantin, Aolept, and Tegretol for five years, symptoms worsened, leading her devout Catholic family to interpret them as possession by demons like Lucifer and Hitler (Wikipedia, 2025; Goodman, 2005).

    A black-and-white collage featuring a woman experiencing distress alongside two others assisting her, with a portrait of the woman in the center.
    Real photos from Anneliese Michel.

    Michel underwent 67 exorcism sessions from 1975-1976 by priests Ernst Alt and Arnold Renz, authorised by Bishop Josef Stangl, involving rituals where she growled, screamed curses, and refused food, dying of malnutrition at 30kg (Wikipedia, 2025; Duffey, 2011). Autopsy confirmed dehydration, pneumonia, and broken knees from genuflections, not supernatural causes (Wikipedia, 2025). Her 1978 trial convicted her parents and priests of negligent homicide, with probation, as experts attributed symptoms to untreated epilepsy and psychosis exacerbated by religious upbringing (Wikipedia, 2025; Getler, 1978). This case, inspiring films like The Exorcism of Emily Rose, exemplifies how TLE’s temporal lobe involvement—causing religious delusions and hallucinations—mimics possession, delaying care (Forcen, 2016).

    A woman lies on the floor in a distressed pose, looking directly at the viewer, with one arm positioned awkwardly behind her and an expression of fear or anguish.
    Scene from The Exorcism of Emily Rose.

    Modern examples show the impact of the disorder. In postictal psychosis, a patient experiences confusion, delusions, and hallucinations after partial seizures, resembling schizophrenia and causing social isolation if it happens often (Mental Health, 2025). Ictal psychosis occurs briefly during seizures, showing symptoms like auditory hallucinations and agitation in TLE cases, resolving after the seizure but can recur without treatment (Mental Health, 2025). Interictal psychosis, common in chronic uncontrolled TLE, leads to persistent threatening voices and cognitive decline, especially in patients with hippocampal sclerosis who show EEG abnormalities and need long-term antipsychotics (Wang et al., 2024). A Korean family with a specific genetic deletion showed epilepsy and schizophrenia-like psychosis, pointing to genetic factors (Wang et al., 2024). After temporal lobectomy, about 7% of patients over 30 experience temporary delusions that can be treated with medication adjustments (Mental Health, 2025).

    Other historical examples include 17th-century European “possession” epidemics, where convulsive symptoms now recognised as epilepsy or conversion disorder led to exorcisms (Schwarz, 2014). In Christian contexts, epilepsy’s association with demons stemmed from biblical accounts, like Yeshua casting out spirits causing seizures (Mark 9:14-29, n.d.; KJV), influencing interpretations (Young, 2016). A 2013 thesis links such misdiagnoses to cultural fears, with “demonic” behaviours aligning with PIP’s aggression or IP’s automatisms (Snyman, 2025). In non-Western cultures, similar correlations persist, with epilepsy stigma leading to spiritual interventions over medical (Trimble and Reynolds, 1976).

    Forensic profiling reveals these misinterpretations stem from limited medical knowledge, cultural-religious frameworks, and stigma, profiling “possession” as undiagnosed epileptic psychosis (Epilepsy Action, 2025b). Modern neuroimaging confirms brain-based origins, advocating evidence-based treatment over exorcism (Wang et al., 2024).

    In conclusion, psychotic epileptic disorder underscores epilepsy-psychosis interplay, with real examples like post-surgical flares and historical cases like Michel’s highlighting risks of misdiagnosis. This should be profiled as a call for destigmatisation and integrated care, preventing tragedies through science over superstition.

    References

    Duffey, J.M. (2011) Lessons Learned: The Anneliese Michel Exorcism. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Available at: https://wipfandstock.com/9781608996643/lessons-learned/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Epilepsy Action (2025a) Psychosis and epilepsy. Available at: https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/living/psychosis-and-epilepsy (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Epilepsy Action (2025b) The history of epilepsy. Available at: https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/what-is-epilepsy/history (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Epilepsy Foundation (n.d.) Psychosis. Available at: https://www.epilepsy.com/complications-risks/moods-behavior/psychosis (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Forcen, F.E. (2016) Monsters, Demons and Psychopaths. Taylor & Francis. Available at: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315382760/monsters-demons-psychopaths-fernando-espi-forcen (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Getler, M. (1978) ‘Cries of a Woman Possessed’, The Washington Post. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/04/21/cries-of-a-woman-possessed/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Goodman, F.D. (2005) The Exorcism of Anneliese Michel. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Available at: https://wipfandstock.com/9781597524322/the-exorcism-of-anneliese-michel/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Mark (n.d.), Chapter 9, Verses 14-29, King James Version, Bible Gateway. Available at: https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%209%3A14-29&version=KJV (Accessed 22 October, 2025)

    Mental Health (2025) Epileptic Psychosis. Available at: https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/epilepsy-with-psychosis (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Schwarz, H. (2014) Beware of the Other Side(s). transcript Verlag. Available at: https://www.transcript-verlag.de/978-3-8376-2488-5/beware-of-the-other-side-s/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Snyman, M. (2025) ‘Hall of Horror: The Tragic Exorcism of Anneliese Michel’, Monique Snyman. Available at: https://moniquesnyman.com/hall-of-horror-the-exorcism-of-anneliese-michel/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Trimble, M.R. and Reynolds, E.H. (1976) ‘Epilepsy, behaviour and cognitive function’, John Wiley & Sons. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8051941/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Wang, Y. et al. (2024) ‘Psychosis of Epilepsy: An Update on Clinical Classification and Mechanism’, PMC. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11762389/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Wikipedia (2025) Anneliese Michel. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneliese_Michel (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

    Young, F. (2016) A History of Exorcism in Catholic Christianity. Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://link.springer.com/book/9783319291116 (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

  • An Introduction to Problem Solving Treatment (PST)

    An Introduction to Problem Solving Treatment (PST)

    Problem Solving Treatment (PST) is a structured therapeutic approach that aims to enhance an individual’s problem-solving abilities with a view to improving their mental health and overall well-being . Originally developed for individuals experiencing depressive symptoms, PST has shown versatility and effectiveness across various psychological issues, including anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article delves into the key components of PST, its underlying principles, therapeutic frameworks, and the evidence supporting its efficacy.

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    Understanding Problem Solving Treatment

    At its core, PST is predicated on the belief that many mental health challenges stem from an inability to effectively navigate life’s difficulties. Individuals often find themselves overwhelmed by problems, leading to feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and, consequently, psychological distress. PST seeks to break this cycle by equipping individuals with the skills to approach their difficulties in a systematic and pragmatic manner.

    The treatment typically involves several stages, including problem identification, brainstorming potential solutions, evaluating these solutions, and implementing the chosen course of action. Each stage encourages individuals to actively engage with their problems rather than avoiding them, fostering a sense of empowerment and control over their circumstances.

    Underpinning Theories

    PST is grounded in cognitive-behavioural principles, notably the notion that thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are interconnected. Negative thought patterns often exacerbate problems, leading to a cycle of avoidance and helplessness. By altering these thought patterns through structured problem-solving, individuals can improve their emotional responses and behaviours. The treatment draws heavily from cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) techniques, emphasising the importance of developing a proactive mindset and enhancing coping strategies.

    Key Components of PST

    Problem Identification

    The first step in PST involves identifying specific problems or stressors that the individual wishes to address. This may range from everyday challenges, such as work-related stress, to more profound issues, like relationship difficulties or persistent feelings of sadness. Through guided discussions, individuals are encouraged to articulate their concerns clearly, allowing them to gain clarity about what they want to change in their lives. This identification phase is crucial, as it sets the stage for the subsequent steps in the treatment process.

    Generating Solutions

    Once problems have been identified, the next step is to brainstorm potential solutions. This stage is characterised by creativity and exploration, wherein individuals are encouraged to think broadly about various approaches to their identified problems. The therapist plays a key role in facilitating this process, helping individuals to consider options they may not have previously contemplated. This can also include considering the consequences of each solution and how feasible they may be in practice. The aim is to expand the individual’s repertoire of potential responses to challenges, reinforcing the idea that multiple pathways can lead to resolution.

    Evaluating Solutions

    After generating a list of potential solutions, the individual must evaluate each option’s effectiveness and practicality. This involves assessing the pros and cons of each solution and predicting potential outcomes. The therapist aids in this evaluation process, offering insights and guiding the individual to reflect on their preferences and values. By actively engaging in this analysis, individuals learn to weigh their options critically and make informed decisions.

    Implementing Solutions

    Following a thorough evaluation, individuals are encouraged to select the most suitable solution and develop a clear implementation plan. This may involve setting specific goals, determining necessary resources, and identifying possible obstacles that may arise. The implementation phase is crucial; it provides a tangible way for the individual to apply their problem-solving skills in real-life situations. Furthermore, this stage reinforces the concept of self-efficacy, as individuals witness their efforts produce positive change.

    Reviewing and Reflecting

    Finally, PST involves reviewing the process and reflecting on outcomes. Individuals are encouraged to assess whether their chosen solution effectively resolved the identified problem and whether they feel better equipped for future challenges. This stage promotes a continual learning process and encourages individuals to adapt and refine their problem-solving strategies over time.

    Key Skills Embedded in PST

    • Prioritisation: When multiple problems exist, rank by urgency, impact, and controllability to avoid diffusion of effort.
    • Distinguishing solvable vs. unsolvable elements: Focus action where influence is possible; use acceptance or coping strategies for uncontrollable parts.
    • Behavioural activation synergy: Small, scheduled actions reduce avoidance and improve mood, enhancing motivation for further problem solving.
    • Communication planning: Many practical problems are interpersonal. PST often includes rehearsal of requests, boundary-setting, and negotiation skills.
    • Self-monitoring: Brief tracking of efforts and outcomes helps make progress visible and guides adjustments.

    Who Benefits from PST

    PST is well-suited for individuals experiencing mild-to-moderate depression or anxiety linked to identifiable life problems. People who feel overwhelmed by multiple practical stressors and struggle to prioritise. Clients seeking a concrete, action-oriented approach with measurable progress. Settings needing brief, scalable interventions (primary care, IAPT-style services, college counselling, occupational health, tele-mental health).

    It may be less suitable for acute crises requiring stabilisation, unmanaged severe mental illness, or situations where cognitive capacity to engage in structured tasks is severely limited—though even then, PST elements can be adapted once safety and stabilisation are addressed.

    The PST Process: Seven Steps

    The heart of PST is a clear, repeatable sequence. Different manuals vary slightly in wording, but the logic is consistent.

    • Problem Orientation
      • Aim: Build a constructive mindset toward problems—seeing them as solvable challenges rather than insurmountable threats.
      • What it involves: Normalising setbacks, emphasising skill-building, and cultivating self-efficacy. The support worker reinforces that incremental progress counts and missteps are data, not failure.
    • Problem Definition and Goal Setting
      • Aim: Translate a vague stressor into a specific, controllable problem with a concrete goal.
      • How: Use SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound). Clarify what is within the person’s influence. For example, “My workload is crushing” becomes “Reduce weekly overtime from 10 hours to 4 within four weeks by renegotiating deadlines and batching email.”
    • Brainstorming Alternatives
      • Aim: Generate a wide range of possible solutions before evaluating.
      • Rules: Quantity over quality initially; defer judgement; invite creativity; include small experiments and social supports. This combats the cognitive narrowing that accompanies stress and depressed mood.
    • Decision Making
      • Aim: Evaluate options using clear criteria—feasibility, resources, risks, potential benefits, and alignment with values.
      • Tools: Pros/cons grids, rating scales, or weighted criteria. Choose one or two options to test as first-line steps rather than searching for a perfect solution.
    • Action Planning
      • Aim: Translate chosen solutions into a step-by-step plan.
      • Elements: Define the first smallest actionable step, set timelines, identify needed resources, and anticipate barriers with “if–then” plans (implementation intentions). Assign responsibility and schedule the steps.
    • Implementation
      • Aim: Do the plan, track completion, and note any barriers in real time.
      • Supports: Use calendars, reminders, accountability check-ins, and brief skills as needed (e.g., communication scripts for a difficult conversation, micro-breaks to manage stress).
    • Review and Refinement
      • Aim: Evaluate what happened, what worked, what didn’t, and why.
      • Approach: Treat each cycle as a learning loop. Reinforce any progress, adjust goals or tactics, and sequence the next step. This builds mastery and resilience.

    Evidence of Efficacy

    Research surrounding PST has indicated its effectiveness in treating various populations and mental health conditions. Studies have shown that PST can significantly reduce depressive symptoms, enhance coping mechanisms, and improve overall quality of life. Its structured framework allows for flexibility, making it applicable across diverse settings, including clinical environments, community mental health programmes, and individual therapy sessions.

    Moreover, meta-analyses have demonstrated that PST is a valuable intervention, particularly for individuals facing stressful life circumstances. Longitudinal studies suggest that the benefits of PST extend beyond the end of treatment, equipping individuals with lifelong problem-solving skills that foster resilience. This enduring impact underscores the treatment’s potential as a preventative measure against future mental health issues.

    Measuring Success

    • Symptom reduction: Lower scores on depression/anxiety scales.
    • Functional gains: Improved attendance, productivity, social engagement, or self-care routines.
    • Self-efficacy: Increased confidence ratings in handling future problems.
    • Problem resolution: Concrete milestones achieved (e.g., debt payment plan initiated, conflict meeting held, medical appointments scheduled).

    How to Get Started Right Now

    1. List your top 3 current stressors. Choose one that is both important and realistically changeable in the next two weeks.
    2. Define the problem in one sentence and write a SMART goal.
    3. Brainstorm at least 8 possible actions, including micro-steps and people you could ask for support.
    4. Select 1–2 options to test this week. Create a simple action plan: what, when, where, with whom, and what you’ll do if a barrier appears.
    5. Schedule a brief review date to learn and adjust. Use depression and anxiety scales to measure improvement.

    Conclusion

    In summary, Problem Solving Treatment (PST) represents a vital approach in the spectrum of therapeutic interventions available for mental health issues. By focusing on enhancing problem-solving skills, individuals can gain greater control over their lives, fostering resilience and improving well-being. Through structured phases of problem identification, solution generation, evaluation, and implementation, PST empowers individuals to address their challenges proactively.

    Supported by robust evidence of efficacy, PST stands out as a versatile and transformative tool in the realm of psychological treatment, offering hope and practical strategies for those navigating the complexities of life’s challenges. As mental health continues to be a global priority, the application and further development of PST will remain critical in promoting psychological resilience and well-being.

  • I Am Attracted To and I Have Empathy Towards Dangerous Souls at Penance

    I Am Attracted To and I Have Empathy Towards Dangerous Souls at Penance

    I decided to go into forensics because since I was a child, I had a natural gift of dealing with troubled individuals so as to keep myself safe. I grew up in Colombia during the 90s, a time when the Constitution of 1991 was established, and a time when violence, narco-cartels, the paramilitary, satanic sects, death squads, and fresh magnicides took place. Indeed, utter political chaos was the status quo. Yes, Colombia was in deep crisis during this decade, and psychological deviations were all over the place. What seemed normal everywhere, was also a hyper-manifestation, and hypernormalisation of what now is classified as abnormal.

    Among the many ills of Colombia, were sexual deviations. And that’s how my ‘career’ into forensic psychoanalysis began when I was only six years old.

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  • Geriatric Depression in Colombia: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Social Resources, and Interventions

    Geriatric Depression in Colombia: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Social Resources, and Interventions

    Geriatric depression, a significant mental health concern among older adults, manifests as a range of depressive symptoms that impair quality of life, functional capacity, and overall well-being. In Colombia, a country marked by socioeconomic challenges, historical violence, and a growing ageing population, geriatric depression presents unique complexities. The prevalence of depression among older adults in Colombia is notably high, with studies indicating that up to 41% of individuals over 60 report depressive symptoms (Ministerio de Salud, 2013 ). This essay explores the prevalence, risk factors, social resources, and interventions for geriatric depression in Colombia, drawing on recent studies to provide a comprehensive analysis. It also addresses the social resources available to mitigate this condition, emphasising their role in fostering mental health resilience.

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    Prevalence of Geriatric Depression in Colombia

    Depression among older adults in Colombia is a pressing public health issue. According to the Encuesta Nacional de Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE; Ministerio de Salud, 2015), approximately 41% of Colombians aged 60 and older exhibit depressive symptoms, a figure significantly higher than global estimates, which range from 10-20% for older adults (World Health Organisation, 2017). A study conducted in three Colombian cities—Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali—utilising the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) reported a prevalence of 15% for clinical depression among community-dwelling older adults, with higher rates among women (Gómez et al., 2019). This discrepancy in prevalence estimates may stem from methodological differences, such as self-reported measures versus clinical diagnoses, and the exclusion of rural or institutionalised populations in some studies.

    The high prevalence is compounded by underdiagnosis, with nearly half of geriatric depression cases remaining undetected due to stigma, prioritisation of somatic complaints, and limited access to mental health services (Giebel et al., 2023). Colombia’s history of armed conflict, spanning over seven decades, has further exacerbated mental health challenges, with older adults often reporting trauma-related depressive symptoms due to exposure to violence, displacement, or loss (León-Giraldo et al., 2021). The ageing population, projected to increase from 18.7% to 39.5% of the total population by 2050, underscores the urgency of addressing geriatric depression as a public health priority (Guo et al., 2025).

    Risk Factors for Geriatric Depression in Colombia

    Several risk factors contribute to the high prevalence of geriatric depression in Colombia, encompassing demographic, psychosocial, health-related, and contextual elements. These factors include advancing age, which inherently brings about a decline in physical health and social support networks as older adults often experience the loss of loved ones and friends. In this complex interplay of factors, contextual elements, including societal attitudes towards ageing and mental health stigmas, further complicate the landscape of geriatric depression, emphasising the urgent need for targeted interventions and support systems in Colombia.

    1. Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors

    Gender is a significant determinant, with women consistently showing higher rates of depression than men. A Bogotá-based study found that being female was associated with a higher risk of depression, potentially due to gender-specific social stressors such as caregiving responsibilities and economic dependency (Rodríguez et al., 2020). Low socioeconomic status and limited education also increase vulnerability, as they restrict access to resources and exacerbate feelings of helplessness (León-Giraldo et al., 2021). Only 23% of Colombians over 60 receive a pension in 2015, leaving many in financial strain, which is a known correlate of depression (SABE, Ministerio de Salud, 2015). However, there is progress as President Gustavo Petro has recently implemented policies targeting these crucial, and problematic factors.

    2. Psychosocial Factors

    Social isolation and poor social support are critical risk factors. Older adults in Colombia often experience shrinking social networks due to retirement, bereavement, or health decline, which heightens loneliness and depressive symptoms (Ayalon & Levkovich, 2019). Low social support networks were strongly associated with depression, particularly among women. Additionally, exposure to historical violence, including forced displacement and loss of loved ones, has left lasting psychological scars, with older adults reporting persistent trauma (Giebel et al., 2023).

    3. Health-Related Factors

    Chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive impairment, are prevalent among older Colombians and are closely linked to depression. The SABE survey indicated that 15% of older adults with depression also reported functional deficits, which further impair their ability to engage in daily activities (Gómez et al., 2019). Cognitive decline, assessed using tools like the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (MoCA), is another risk factor, as it compounds feelings of helplessness and reduces coping capacity.

    4. Contextual Factors

    Colombia’s history of armed conflict and ongoing localised violence contribute significantly to mental health challenges. The 2016 Peace and Disarmament Agreement reduced large-scale conflict, but localised violence persists, perpetuating stress and trauma among older adults (Tamayo-Agudelo & Bell, 2018). The COVID-19 pandemic further intensified these issues, with restrictive measures like physical distancing disproportionately affecting older adults, leading to increased isolation and depression (Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, 2020).

    Social Resources for Addressing Geriatric Depression

    Social resources play a crucial role in mitigating geriatric depression by fostering social connectedness, providing instrumental support, and reducing isolation. In Colombia, several initiatives and programs target older adults’ mental health, though challenges in accessibility and coverage persist.

    • Colombia Mayor: A social pension program that improves social participation but has limited impact on depression due to household resource sharing.
    • Community Health Centres: Use tools for screening, though rural access is limited.
    • NGOs and Volunteering: Organisations like Fundación para el Bienestar del Adulto Mayor offer social activities, reducing depressive symptoms.
    • Digital Support: Internet usage reduces depression by fostering connections, but adoption is low due to digital literacy barriers.

    The Above Programmes Explained

    The Colombia Mayor program, a social pension initiative, provides cash transfers to low-income older adults to alleviate poverty and improve well-being. The study using the 2015 SABE data found that while the program improved social participation and reduced food insecurity, it had no significant effect on depression levels, possibly due to high levels of intergenerational co-residence, where benefits are shared within households rather than directly benefiting the recipient (Hessel et al., 2020). This highlights the need for targeted mental health components within such programs.

    Community-based initiatives, such as those offered by public community health centres, provide screening and support for older adults. A South Korean study, which shares similarities with Colombia’s community-based approach, screened 609 older adults and found that social support moderated the relationship between daily living activities and life satisfaction, suggesting that similar interventions could be effective in Colombia (Kim et al., 2020). In Colombia, community health centres use tools like the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDSSF-K) to identify at-risk individuals, though coverage is limited in rural areas (Gómez et al., 2019).

    NGOs and volunteer programs offer social engagement opportunities that can reduce depressive symptoms. A study on volunteering and depression found that older adults who volunteered reported fewer depressive symptoms, particularly when engaged in religious or community activities (Musick & Wilson, 2003). In Colombia, organisations like the Fundación para el Bienestar del Adulto Mayor provide recreational and social activities, fostering a sense of purpose and community. However, these programs are often urban-centric, limiting access for rural older adults.

    Digital Support is based on the fact that internet usage has emerged as a potential tool for reducing depression among older adults. A study from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, applicable to middle-income contexts like Colombia, found that internet usage reduced depression levels by 1.41% by facilitating social connections and access to information (Guo et al., 2025). In Colombia, initiatives like the Ministry of Information and Communications’ digital literacy programs aim to bridge the digital divide for older adults, though adoption remains low due to limited access and technological literacy.

    Interventions and Treatment Approaches

    Effective interventions for geriatric depression in Colombia must address both the depressive syndrome and underlying social adversities. Several evidence-based approaches show promise.

    • Psychosocial: Problem-solving treatment (PST) combined with case management shows promise for low-income older adults.
    • Pharmacological and Integrated Care: Community-based antidepressant management improves outcomes.
    • Home-Based Care: Depression care management in home healthcare settings enhances functioning.

    Now, let’s explore these in more detail:

    Psychosocial Interventions

    Problem-solving treatment (PST) combined with case management has shown feasibility in addressing geriatric depression among low-income older adults. A model developed by UCSF and Cornell University integrates PST with case management, teaching patients to identify problems, set goals, and create action plans while linking them to social services (Areán et al., 2010). In Colombia, such interventions could be adapted for community health centres, where nurses are well-positioned to deliver depression care management (DCM).

    Pharmacological and Integrated Care

    Antidepressant medication management integrated into primary care settings has improved depression outcomes in older adults, with benefits lasting up to two years (Hunkeler et al., 2006). In Colombia, the transition from hospital-based to community-based mental health care, initiated by the 1990 Declaration of Caracas, has increased access to such treatments, though rural areas lag behind (Caldas de Almeida & Horvitz-Lennon, 2010).

    Home-Based Care

    Home-based care is particularly effective for older adults with mobility limitations or disabilities. Studies integrating mental health care into home healthcare (HHC) settings have shown reduced depression and improved functioning (Rabins et al., 2000). In Colombia, HHC nurses could be trained to implement DCM, leveraging tools like the OASIS-C depression screening to identify and manage cases (Pickett et al., 2022).

    Challenges and Recommendations

    Despite the availability of social resources and interventions, several challenges hinder effective management of geriatric depression in Colombia. Limited mental health infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, restricts access to care. Stigma surrounding mental health discourages older adults from seeking help, and the prioritisation of physical health over mental health in clinical settings exacerbates underdiagnosis (Giebel et al., 2023). Additionally, the lack of integration between social programs like Colombia Mayor and mental health services limits their impact on depression.

    To address these challenges, the following recommendations are proposed:

    1. Enhance Community-Based Screening: Expand the use of validated tools in community health centres and train healthcare workers to recognise atypical presentations of depression in older adults.
    2. Integrate Mental Health into Social Programs: Incorporate mental health components into programs like Colombia Mayor, such as peer support groups or counselling, to directly address depressive symptoms.
    3. Promote Digital Inclusion: Increase investment in digital literacy programs to enable older adults to access online mental health resources and social networks.
    4. Strengthen Rural Access: Develop mobile health units and telehealth services to reach rural older adults and ensure equitable access to mental health care.
    5. Combat Stigma: Launch public awareness campaigns to reduce stigma and encourage help-seeking behaviours among older adults.

    Conclusion

    Geriatric depression in Colombia is a multifaceted issue driven by socioeconomic disparities, historical trauma, and health challenges. While social resources like Colombia Mayor, community health centres, and NGO-led initiatives offer valuable support, their impact on depression is limited by accessibility and integration issues. Evidence-based interventions, such as PST, integrated care, and home-based DCM, show promise but require broader implementation. By addressing structural barriers and leveraging social resources, Colombia can enhance mental health outcomes for its ageing population, ensuring that older adults live with dignity and resilience.

    References

    Areán, P. A., Raue, P., Kanellopoulos, D., Sirey, J. A., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (2010). Treating depression in disabled, low-income elderly: A conceptual model and recommendations for care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(8), 765–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2556

    Ayalon, L., & Levkovich, I. (2019). A systematic review of research on social networks of older adults. The Gerontologist, 59(3), e164–e176. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx218

    Caldas de Almeida, J. M., & Horvitz-Lennon, M. (2010). Mental health care reforms in Latin America: An overview of mental health care in Latin America and the Caribbean. Psychiatric Services, 61(3), 218–221. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2010.61.3.218

    Giebel, C., Zuluaga, M. I., Martinez, R., Castro, S., & Gomez, D. (2023). “Mental health has been left behind”: A qualitative exploration of stakeholders’ perceptions of older adults’ mental well-being in Colombia. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 35(4), 512–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2023.2201818

    Gómez, F., Corchuelo, J., Curcio, C. L., Calzada, M. T., & Mendez, F. (2019). Depression in the elderly: A study in three cities of Colombia. Revista Redalyc, 21(3), 45–56. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=10557689004

    Guo, L., Li, Y., Cheng, K., Zhao, Y., Yin, W., & Liu, Y. (2025). Impact of internet usage on depression among older adults: Comprehensive study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27, e65399. https://doi.org/10.2196/65399

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