Category: Mental Health

Epileptic Psychosis or Demonic Possession?

Epileptic psychosis—often termed psychotic epileptic disorder—is a condition where epilepsy intersects with psychotic symptoms. This essay explores its classification, clinical features, real-life examples, and correlations to historical cases misinterpreted as demonic possession requiring exorcism. Through rigorous review, I aim to highlight medical realities over stigma, advocating for integrated care in mental health and neurology.

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Psychotic epileptic disorder, or epileptic psychosis, refers to psychotic episodes occurring in individuals with epilepsy, where symptoms like hallucinations and delusions arise in temporal relation to seizures (Mental Health, 2025). It affects 3-7% of epilepsy patients, significantly higher than the 1% schizophrenia prevalence in the general population, with elevated risk in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and uncontrolled seizures (Mental Health, 2025; Epilepsy Action, 2025a).

Classification includes pre-ictal psychosis (PrP), occurring hours to days before seizures with anxiety and derealisation; ictal psychosis (IP), during seizures featuring fear and automatisms; interictal psychosis (IIP), between seizures resembling schizophrenia but with better prognosis; postictal psychosis (PIP), following seizures after a lucid interval with emotionally charged delusions; and forced normalisation (FN), paradoxically triggered by seizure control (Wang et al., 2024; Epilepsy Action, 2025a).

Clinical features encompass delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, social withdrawal, disorganised thinking, and mood swings (Mental Health, 2025; Epilepsy Foundation, n.d.). For instance, in PIP—the most common type—symptoms like violent behaviour or self-harm emerge 12-72 hours post-seizure, lasting up to two months (Epilepsy Action, 2025a). Causes involve neurobiological mechanisms: structural changes like hippocampal volume loss, neurotransmitter imbalances (e.g., reduced glutamate and GABA), neuroinflammation via cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and genetic factors such as mutations in GRM1 or CNTNAP2 (Wang et al., 2024). Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) like topiramate or levetiracetam can precipitate psychosis, especially in those with family history (Epilepsy Action, 2025a). Diagnosis requires specialist assessment, including EEG to link symptoms to seizure activity, distinguishing it from primary psychoses (Mental Health, 2025).

Treatment emphasises coordinated neurology-psychiatry care, balancing seizure control with antipsychotics. For IP and PrP, seizure management suffices; PIP often resolves spontaneously but may need benzodiazepines; IIP and FN require antipsychotics like olanzapine or risperidone, with ASM adjustments (Mental Health, 2025; Wang et al., 2024). Early intervention teams and psychosocial support—case management, vocational rehab—aid functioning, as untreated episodes worsen cognition and independence (Mental Health, 2025).

Historically, epileptic psychosis has been misinterpreted as demonic possession, leading to exorcisms instead of medical intervention. In ancient times, epilepsy—termed the “sacred disease”—was attributed to supernatural forces, with seizures and psychotic symptoms seen as divine or demonic invasions (Trimble and Reynolds, 1976). This persisted into modernity, correlating with cases where TLE-induced hallucinations were deemed possession. The most infamous is Anneliese Michel (1952-1976), a German woman diagnosed with TLE and psychosis at 16, experiencing convulsions, hallucinations of “devil faces,” auditory commands of damnation, self-harm, and aversion to religious objects (Wikipedia, 2025). Despite treatments like Dilantin, Aolept, and Tegretol for five years, symptoms worsened, leading her devout Catholic family to interpret them as possession by demons like Lucifer and Hitler (Wikipedia, 2025; Goodman, 2005).

Real photos from Anneliese Michel.

Michel underwent 67 exorcism sessions from 1975-1976 by priests Ernst Alt and Arnold Renz, authorised by Bishop Josef Stangl, involving rituals where she growled, screamed curses, and refused food, dying of malnutrition at 30kg (Wikipedia, 2025; Duffey, 2011). Autopsy confirmed dehydration, pneumonia, and broken knees from genuflections, not supernatural causes (Wikipedia, 2025). Her 1978 trial convicted her parents and priests of negligent homicide, with probation, as experts attributed symptoms to untreated epilepsy and psychosis exacerbated by religious upbringing (Wikipedia, 2025; Getler, 1978). This case, inspiring films like The Exorcism of Emily Rose, exemplifies how TLE’s temporal lobe involvement—causing religious delusions and hallucinations—mimics possession, delaying care (Forcen, 2016).

Scene from The Exorcism of Emily Rose.

Modern examples show the impact of the disorder. In postictal psychosis, a patient experiences confusion, delusions, and hallucinations after partial seizures, resembling schizophrenia and causing social isolation if it happens often (Mental Health, 2025). Ictal psychosis occurs briefly during seizures, showing symptoms like auditory hallucinations and agitation in TLE cases, resolving after the seizure but can recur without treatment (Mental Health, 2025). Interictal psychosis, common in chronic uncontrolled TLE, leads to persistent threatening voices and cognitive decline, especially in patients with hippocampal sclerosis who show EEG abnormalities and need long-term antipsychotics (Wang et al., 2024). A Korean family with a specific genetic deletion showed epilepsy and schizophrenia-like psychosis, pointing to genetic factors (Wang et al., 2024). After temporal lobectomy, about 7% of patients over 30 experience temporary delusions that can be treated with medication adjustments (Mental Health, 2025).

Other historical examples include 17th-century European “possession” epidemics, where convulsive symptoms now recognised as epilepsy or conversion disorder led to exorcisms (Schwarz, 2014). In Christian contexts, epilepsy’s association with demons stemmed from biblical accounts, like Yeshua casting out spirits causing seizures (Mark 9:14-29, n.d.; KJV), influencing interpretations (Young, 2016). A 2013 thesis links such misdiagnoses to cultural fears, with “demonic” behaviours aligning with PIP’s aggression or IP’s automatisms (Snyman, 2025). In non-Western cultures, similar correlations persist, with epilepsy stigma leading to spiritual interventions over medical (Trimble and Reynolds, 1976).

Forensic profiling reveals these misinterpretations stem from limited medical knowledge, cultural-religious frameworks, and stigma, profiling “possession” as undiagnosed epileptic psychosis (Epilepsy Action, 2025b). Modern neuroimaging confirms brain-based origins, advocating evidence-based treatment over exorcism (Wang et al., 2024).

In conclusion, psychotic epileptic disorder underscores epilepsy-psychosis interplay, with real examples like post-surgical flares and historical cases like Michel’s highlighting risks of misdiagnosis. This should be profiled as a call for destigmatisation and integrated care, preventing tragedies through science over superstition.

References

Duffey, J.M. (2011) Lessons Learned: The Anneliese Michel Exorcism. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Available at: https://wipfandstock.com/9781608996643/lessons-learned/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Epilepsy Action (2025a) Psychosis and epilepsy. Available at: https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/living/psychosis-and-epilepsy (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Epilepsy Action (2025b) The history of epilepsy. Available at: https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/what-is-epilepsy/history (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Epilepsy Foundation (n.d.) Psychosis. Available at: https://www.epilepsy.com/complications-risks/moods-behavior/psychosis (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Forcen, F.E. (2016) Monsters, Demons and Psychopaths. Taylor & Francis. Available at: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315382760/monsters-demons-psychopaths-fernando-espi-forcen (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Getler, M. (1978) ‘Cries of a Woman Possessed’, The Washington Post. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/04/21/cries-of-a-woman-possessed/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Goodman, F.D. (2005) The Exorcism of Anneliese Michel. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Available at: https://wipfandstock.com/9781597524322/the-exorcism-of-anneliese-michel/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Mark (n.d.), Chapter 9, Verses 14-29, King James Version, Bible Gateway. Available at: https://www.biblegateway .com/passage/?search=Mark%209%3A14-29&version=KJV (Accessed 22 October, 2025)

Mental Health (2025) Epileptic Psychosis. Available at: https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/epilepsy-with-psychosis (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Schwarz, H. (2014) Beware of the Other Side(s). transcript Verlag. Available at: https://www.transcript-verlag.de/978-3-8376-2488-5/beware-of-the-other-side-s/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Snyman, M. (2025) ‘Hall of Horror: The Tragic Exorcism of Anneliese Michel’, Monique Snyman. Available at: https://moniquesnyman.com/hall-of-horror-the-exorcism-of-anneliese-michel/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Trimble, M.R. and Reynolds, E.H. (1976) ‘Epilepsy, behaviour and cognitive function’, John Wiley & Sons. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8051941/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Wang, Y. et al. (2024) ‘Psychosis of Epilepsy: An Update on Clinical Classification and Mechanism’, PMC. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11762389/ (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Wikipedia (2025) Anneliese Michel. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneliese_Michel (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

Young, F. (2016) A History of Exorcism in Catholic Christianity. Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://link.springer.com/book/9783319291116 (Accessed: 14 October 2025).

31 Oct 2025
An Introduction to Problem Solving Treatment (PST)
Problem Solving Treatment (PST) is a structured therapeutic approach that aims to enhance an individual’s problem-solving abilities with a view to improving their mental health and overall well-being. Originally developed for individuals experiencing depressive symptoms, PST has shown versatility and effectiveness across various psychological issues, including anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article delves into the key components of PST, its underlying principles, therapeutic frameworks, and the evidence supporting its efficacy.

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Understanding Problem Solving Treatment

At its core, PST is predicated on the belief that many mental health challenges stem from an inability to effectively navigate life’s difficulties. Individuals often find themselves overwhelmed by problems, leading to feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and, consequently, psychological distress. PST seeks to break this cycle by equipping individuals with the skills to approach their difficulties in a systematic and pragmatic manner.

The treatment typically involves several stages, including problem identification, brainstorming potential solutions, evaluating these solutions, and implementing the chosen course of action. Each stage encourages individuals to actively engage with their problems rather than avoiding them, fostering a sense of empowerment and control over their circumstances.

Underpinning Theories

PST is grounded in cognitive-behavioural principles, notably the notion that thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are interconnected. Negative thought patterns often exacerbate problems, leading to a cycle of avoidance and helplessness. By altering these thought patterns through structured problem-solving, individuals can improve their emotional responses and behaviours. The treatment draws heavily from cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) techniques, emphasising the importance of developing a proactive mindset and enhancing coping strategies.

Key Components of PST

Problem Identification

The first step in PST involves identifying specific problems or stressors that the individual wishes to address. This may range from everyday challenges, such as work-related stress, to more profound issues, like relationship difficulties or persistent feelings of sadness. Through guided discussions, individuals are encouraged to articulate their concerns clearly, allowing them to gain clarity about what they want to change in their lives. This identification phase is crucial, as it sets the stage for the subsequent steps in the treatment process.

Generating Solutions

Once problems have been identified, the next step is to brainstorm potential solutions. This stage is characterised by creativity and exploration, wherein individuals are encouraged to think broadly about various approaches to their identified problems. The therapist plays a key role in facilitating this process, helping individuals to consider options they may not have previously contemplated. This can also include considering the consequences of each solution and how feasible they may be in practice. The aim is to expand the individual’s repertoire of potential responses to challenges, reinforcing the idea that multiple pathways can lead to resolution.

Evaluating Solutions

After generating a list of potential solutions, the individual must evaluate each option’s effectiveness and practicality. This involves assessing the pros and cons of each solution and predicting potential outcomes. The therapist aids in this evaluation process, offering insights and guiding the individual to reflect on their preferences and values. By actively engaging in this analysis, individuals learn to weigh their options critically and make informed decisions.

Implementing Solutions

Following a thorough evaluation, individuals are encouraged to select the most suitable solution and develop a clear implementation plan. This may involve setting specific goals, determining necessary resources, and identifying possible obstacles that may arise. The implementation phase is crucial; it provides a tangible way for the individual to apply their problem-solving skills in real-life situations. Furthermore, this stage reinforces the concept of self-efficacy, as individuals witness their efforts produce positive change.

Reviewing and Reflecting

Finally, PST involves reviewing the process and reflecting on outcomes. Individuals are encouraged to assess whether their chosen solution effectively resolved the identified problem and whether they feel better equipped for future challenges. This stage promotes a continual learning process and encourages individuals to adapt and refine their problem-solving strategies over time.

Key Skills Embedded in PST
- Prioritisation: When multiple problems exist, rank by urgency, impact, and controllability to avoid diffusion of effort.
- Distinguishing solvable vs. unsolvable elements: Focus action where influence is possible; use acceptance or coping strategies for uncontrollable parts.
- Behavioural activation synergy: Small, scheduled actions reduce avoidance and improve mood, enhancing motivation for further problem solving.
- Communication planning: Many practical problems are interpersonal. PST often includes rehearsal of requests, boundary-setting, and negotiation skills.
- Self-monitoring: Brief tracking of efforts and outcomes helps make progress visible and guides adjustments.
Who Benefits from PST

PST is well-suited for individuals experiencing mild-to-moderate depression or anxiety linked to identifiable life problems. People who feel overwhelmed by multiple practical stressors and struggle to prioritise. Clients seeking a concrete, action-oriented approach with measurable progress. Settings needing brief, scalable interventions (primary care, IAPT-style services, college counselling, occupational health, tele-mental health).

It may be less suitable for acute crises requiring stabilisation, unmanaged severe mental illness, or situations where cognitive capacity to engage in structured tasks is severely limited—though even then, PST elements can be adapted once safety and stabilisation are addressed.

The PST Process: Seven Steps

The heart of PST is a clear, repeatable sequence. Different manuals vary slightly in wording, but the logic is consistent.
- Problem Orientation
  - Aim: Build a constructive mindset toward problems—seeing them as solvable challenges rather than insurmountable threats.
  - What it involves: Normalising setbacks, emphasising skill-building, and cultivating self-efficacy. The support worker reinforces that incremental progress counts and missteps are data, not failure.
- Problem Definition and Goal Setting
  - Aim: Translate a vague stressor into a specific, controllable problem with a concrete goal.
  - How: Use SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound). Clarify what is within the person’s influence. For example, “My workload is crushing” becomes “Reduce weekly overtime from 10 hours to 4 within four weeks by renegotiating deadlines and batching email.”
- Brainstorming Alternatives
  - Aim: Generate a wide range of possible solutions before evaluating.
  - Rules: Quantity over quality initially; defer judgement; invite creativity; include small experiments and social supports. This combats the cognitive narrowing that accompanies stress and depressed mood.
- Decision Making
  - Aim: Evaluate options using clear criteria—feasibility, resources, risks, potential benefits, and alignment with values.
  - Tools: Pros/cons grids, rating scales, or weighted criteria. Choose one or two options to test as first-line steps rather than searching for a perfect solution.
- Action Planning
  - Aim: Translate chosen solutions into a step-by-step plan.
  - Elements: Define the first smallest actionable step, set timelines, identify needed resources, and anticipate barriers with “if–then” plans (implementation intentions). Assign responsibility and schedule the steps.
- Implementation
  - Aim: Do the plan, track completion, and note any barriers in real time.
  - Supports: Use calendars, reminders, accountability check-ins, and brief skills as needed (e.g., communication scripts for a difficult conversation, micro-breaks to manage stress).
- Review and Refinement
  - Aim: Evaluate what happened, what worked, what didn’t, and why.
  - Approach: Treat each cycle as a learning loop. Reinforce any progress, adjust goals or tactics, and sequence the next step. This builds mastery and resilience.
Evidence of Efficacy

Research surrounding PST has indicated its effectiveness in treating various populations and mental health conditions. Studies have shown that PST can significantly reduce depressive symptoms, enhance coping mechanisms, and improve overall quality of life. Its structured framework allows for flexibility, making it applicable across diverse settings, including clinical environments, community mental health programmes, and individual therapy sessions.

Moreover, meta-analyses have demonstrated that PST is a valuable intervention, particularly for individuals facing stressful life circumstances. Longitudinal studies suggest that the benefits of PST extend beyond the end of treatment, equipping individuals with lifelong problem-solving skills that foster resilience. This enduring impact underscores the treatment’s potential as a preventative measure against future mental health issues.

Measuring Success
- Symptom reduction: Lower scores on depression/anxiety scales.
- Functional gains: Improved attendance, productivity, social engagement, or self-care routines.
- Self-efficacy: Increased confidence ratings in handling future problems.
- Problem resolution: Concrete milestones achieved (e.g., debt payment plan initiated, conflict meeting held, medical appointments scheduled).
How to Get Started Right Now
1. List your top 3 current stressors. Choose one that is both important and realistically changeable in the next two weeks.
2. Define the problem in one sentence and write a SMART goal.
3. Brainstorm at least 8 possible actions, including micro-steps and people you could ask for support.
4. Select 1–2 options to test this week. Create a simple action plan: what, when, where, with whom, and what you’ll do if a barrier appears.
5. Schedule a brief review date to learn and adjust. Use depression and anxiety scales to measure improvement.
Conclusion

In summary, Problem Solving Treatment (PST) represents a vital approach in the spectrum of therapeutic interventions available for mental health issues. By focusing on enhancing problem-solving skills, individuals can gain greater control over their lives, fostering resilience and improving well-being. Through structured phases of problem identification, solution generation, evaluation, and implementation, PST empowers individuals to address their challenges proactively.

Supported by robust evidence of efficacy, PST stands out as a versatile and transformative tool in the realm of psychological treatment, offering hope and practical strategies for those navigating the complexities of life’s challenges. As mental health continues to be a global priority, the application and further development of PST will remain critical in promoting psychological resilience and well-being.
17 Sep 2025
I Am Attracted To and I Have Empathy Towards Dangerous Souls at Penance

I decided to go into forensics because since I was a child, I had a natural gift of dealing with troubled individuals so as to keep myself safe. I grew up in Colombia during the 90s, a time when the Constitution of 1991 was established, and a time when violence, narco-cartels, the paramilitary, satanic sects, death squads, and fresh magnicides took place. Indeed, utter political chaos was the status quo. Yes, Colombia was in deep crisis during this decade, and psychological deviations were all over the place. What seemed normal everywhere, was also a hyper-manifestation, and hypernormalisation of what now is classified as abnormal.

Among the many ills of Colombia, were sexual deviations. And that’s how my ‘career’ into forensic psychoanalysis began when I was only six years old.

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1 Sep 2025
Exploring the Young and Brilliant Mind of Antonella

Hello, my dear readers! Today I am delighted to present to you an interview with Latina-European, Colombia-Italian Antonella Orlando, a 14 years old girl with a voice and a purpose. I asked her a series of questions on topics related to the social sciences. These were her responses:

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How does a father help in the emotional development of his daughter?

A father plays an essential role in his daughter’s emotional development. From the earliest years of life, his loving and constant presence gives her security, love, and confidence. When a father validates his daughter’s emotions, listens without judgement, and supports her at every stage, she learns to recognise and express her feelings freely and without fear.

Furthermore, a father who guides with love and firmness helps his daughter build healthy self-esteem, feel valuable, and set appropriate boundaries. His way of relating to her becomes the primary model of how human relationships should be: with respect, tenderness, honesty, and understanding.

He also teaches her to manage frustration, face problems calmly, and believe in herself even in difficult times. His emotional support accompanies her through important decisions, moments of confusion, and every small step toward independence.

What are the consequences of a father who is absent in difficult moments of his daughter’s life?

When a father is absent during his daughter’s difficult times, she may experience feelings of abandonment, loneliness, and she might feel misunderstood. This emotional absence can cause deep wounds that affect her self-esteem, security, and confidence. The lack of paternal support during difficult times can also lead to difficulties managing emotions, making decisions, or trusting others.

Some daughters may develop emotional dependency or, reversely, become distrustful and excessively independent. In certain cases, the absence of a paternal figure can also be reflected in future emotional relationships, where the pattern of abandonment or lack of affection is recreated. The pain of not feeling supported by such an important figure can leave scars that influence a woman’s personal, emotional, and social life.

How should a father support his daughter?

A father should support his daughter consistently, respectfully, and lovingly. This means being present in her life, not only physically but also emotionally: listening without judgement, validating her feelings, and supporting her through both her successes and her setbacks.

The father must show genuine interest in his daughter’s thoughts and experiences, create a trusting environment where she can speak without fear, and be a figure with whom she feels safe.

He should also educate her with love, guide her with patience, correct her without hurting her, and always remember that his example has a profound impact.

A supportive and respectful father teaches his daughter to love and value herself, and face life with resilience. His role is not only to protect, but also to encourage and help her discover who she is and how valuable she is.

Why do some young girls feel that they cannot disclose everything to their parents?

Many young women feel they can’t tell everything to their parents because they fear being judged, scolded, or misunderstood. Sometimes adults minimise what their daughters feel, calling it an exaggeration or drama, and this creates an emotional barrier. Other times, parents react with anger or without really listening, which causes their daughters to bottle up their problems for fear of the reaction.

It may also be that there isn’t a safe space for open communication at home, or that a relationship of trust (rapport) hasn’t been built. When parents don’t listen attentively, don’t validate emotions, or/and don’t respect silence; daughters learn to keep quiet. That’s why it’s so important for adults to listen without interrupting, ask questions with empathy, and approach them from a place of love, not control.

What are the signs displayed nowadays by teens who are experiencing depression?

Today’s young people show several signs of depression, although they may not always be easy to notice. Some isolate themselves from friends or family, stop enjoying things they used to enjoy, or experience sudden mood swings. They may also sleep too much or too little, overeat or skip eating, and show disinterest in their studies or responsibilities.

Other signs include constant irritability, unexplained tiredness, or expressions of feeling worthless or empty. In more severe cases, they may talk about not wanting to continue living, engage in self-harm, or have recurring negative thoughts.

It is essential that these signs be taken seriously and that they are offered support, understanding, and professional help when necessary.

What will the 2035 general society think like? What will be understood then, that we don’t already know today?

By 2035, society could have a more empathetic and open view of issues that still generate resistance or fear today, such as mental health, identity diversity, climate change, or the impact of technology on human emotions. It’s likely that by then we’ll better understand how to take care of our minds, how to create healthy relationships from a young age, and how to prevent emotional isolation.

Perhaps there will be more emotional education in schools, and well-being will be valued more than quick success. We might also have greater knowledge about how social media affects our self-esteem and how artificial intelligence influences our way of thinking. What is ignored or seen as taboo today could be treated naturally and respectfully in 2035, thanks to social advances and the active voices of today’s young people.

Do you believe that today’s youth will be able to combat climate change in the future?

Yes, today’s young people have a fundamental role to play in the fight against climate change. They are a more aware, informed, and committed generation. Through education, activism, technology, and political participation, they can generate creative solutions and demand change from governments and businesses.

Many young people are already leading environmental movements, promoting recycling, responsible consumption, and the use of clean energy. They also have access to networks and tools that allow them to mobilise and educate others.

Although climate change is a global problem that requires everyone’s collaboration, young people have the power to change mindsets and act now to protect the future of the planet.

What and how could today’s youth teach their parents?

Today’s young people can teach their parents many things, especially on topics such as respect for diversity, mental health, the use of technology, and the importance of expressing emotions. At times, parents grew up in a time when these issues weren’t openly discussed, and young people, with their way of seeing the world, can help them open up and learn.

The youth can do this with patience, respect, and for example: by showing their thoughts through actions, sharing information, engaging in non-confrontational dialogue, and listening.

Teaching isn’t about imposing, but about sharing from the heart. When parents see their children teaching them with love, they are more willing to learn and change. This dual learning relationship strengthens the family and allows them to grow together.

What topics do you believe are the most difficult for adults to comprehend nowadays?

Many adults fail to understand the emotional world of young people. They sometimes believe that anxiety, depression, or insecurity are simple whims or lack of character, when in reality they are serious issues that need attention.

They also struggle to understand the importance of social media in today’s life, or the new forms of expression and identity that are now part of the new youth language. Sometimes, they judge without listening or impose without dialogue.

Another area where they often fail is: respecting young people’s boundaries and privacy.

To improve this understanding, it is key for adults to open themselves to dialogue, listen with empathy, and stay up-to-date on the realities facing the new generations.

What does it mean to respect the youth, in your opinion?

Respecting young people means recognising their value, listening to their ideas without underestimating them, and allowing them to have a voice on issues that affect them. It means to stop treating them as if they “know nothing” and starting to see them as people in development, with rights, emotions, and important thoughts.

It also means not mocking their tastes, not minimising their problems, or comparing them with past generations. Respecting young people means trusting their capacity to act, teaching them without imposing, and accompanying them in their growth with love and patience. When adults respect young people, they feel valued and empowered to build a better world.

What role does today’s youth play in the development of human rights?

Young people play a key role in the development and defence of human rights. They are often the ones who speak out against injustice; defending equality, inclusion, and freedom of expression. Through their actions, protests, digital campaigns, and participation in social movements, they contribute to raising awareness of issues that are sometimes ignored by adults.

Furthermore, by being globally connected, they can learn from other cultures and struggles, strengthening their social awareness. Young people inspire change and are drivers of new ideas that break with past prejudices. They are agents of transformation who, with their energy, creativity, and sensitivity, build a more just society for all.

Editor’s Conclusion

The above interview teaches us all that our youth has a lot to express. They regularly experience the frustration of feeling misunderstood, dismissed, or emotionally abandoned.

They are human beings, with a mind of their own, and with sophisticated curricula which gives them an advantage when it comes to being up to date with important topics.

Furthermore, their brains are quicker, they are naturally adapting to new technologies, and are increasingly concerned about the realities our planet faces, such as climate change.

Parents should be actively involved in the life of their teenagers. They should aim for negotiation rather than imposition or punishment, as new findings in psychology indicate that positive reinforcement is superior to punishment when it comes to helping a young person change their maladaptive or challenging behaviours.

Empathy, patience, and a soft tone of voice should always be used when communicating, so no fear is triggered hormonally. Restrictions should be co-produced rather than enforced without giving the teenager a defence or a right to participate in decision-making.

Let’s all move forward by being better fathers, mothers, grandparents, aunts, and uncles when it comes to our youth. Never underestimate them, or their feelings.

18 Aug 2025
Finding Validation and Protection Through Clare’s Law and an Emergency Injunction

It’s Friday, May 2, 2025, and I’m writing this update with a renewed sense of clarity and strength, despite the ongoing challenges I’ve faced since I last shared my story. The past few days have been a whirlwind—marked by continued harassment, a pivotal disclosure from the police, and a rapid legal intervention that has finally given me the protection I desperately needed. I’m also reflecting on how therapy, which I’d hoped would help us heal, became another platform for his abuse, further solidifying my decision to leave. If my journey can inspire even one woman to seek the support she deserves, then sharing this update is worth every word.

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After I ended the relationship on April 30, 2025, following his cruel behaviour in our couple’s therapy chat group, I thought I’d taken the necessary steps to protect myself—blocking him on WhatsApp, social media, and email. But the harassment didn’t stop. His threats continued, pushing me into a spiral of panic attacks so severe that I experienced stupor and catatonia, leading my doctor to prescribe Diazepam to help me cope. I felt trapped, my mental health deteriorating under the weight of his relentless intimidation. That’s when the Plymouth Domestic Abuse Service (PDAS) stepped in, referring me to apply for an emergency injunction to stop him from contacting or harming me. They connected me with the National Centre for Domestic Violence (NCDV), a free service that specializes in fast-tracking injunctions for survivors like me.

The NCDV was a lifeline. On the evening of May 1, 2025, at 10:25 PM BST, I called their 24/7 helpline (0800 970 2070), my hands trembling as I explained the threats, the harassment, and the toll it was taking on my health. They guided me through the application for a Non-Molestation Order, a legal protection under the Family Law Act 1996 that would prohibit him from contacting or harassing me. The process was swift—despite it being after court hours, they prepared my application that night, ensuring it would be reviewed by a judge first thing the next morning, May 2, 2025. True to their reputation, the NCDV secured the order by midday today. It was served to him this afternoon, meaning it’s now in effect, and any breach—any attempt to contact or threaten me—is a criminal offense. The speed and compassion of the NCDV gave me a sense of safety I hadn’t felt in months, a concrete step toward reclaiming my peace.

Another turning point came yesterday, May 1, 2025, when I met with the Devon & Cornwall Police for an update. They made a Clare’s Law disclosure, also known as the Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme, which allows individuals to request information about a partner’s history of abuse. I can’t share the specifics of his records due to legal restrictions, but I can say this: the disclosure confirmed everything I’d been perceiving about his behaviour. It liberated me from the self-doubt that had plagued me for months. He’d called me “overdramatic,” “hostile,” even a “deluded psychotic nutcase” in our therapy chat, gaslighting me into questioning my reality, especially as someone with schizophrenia. But the Clare’s Law disclosure validated my experience—it showed me I wasn’t crazy, I wasn’t imagining things, and most painfully, I wasn’t the first victim. Knowing his abusive behavior was part of a pattern, not a personal failing on my part, gave me the clarity to fully let go of any lingering guilt or hope for change. I hope I’m the last victim, but more importantly, I urge any woman who suspects her partner is abusive to request a Clare’s Law disclosure. It could be the validation you need to break free, just as it was for me.

Therapy, which I’d hoped would be a path to healing, ultimately failed because of his constant emotional abuse. We started couple’s therapy with a therapist named Stephanie, hoping to address his coercive behaviors—like the 5/2 cycle of ghosting, his threats, and gaslighting—but it became another arena for him to hurt me. On April 29, 2025, in our therapy chat group, he attacked my vulnerabilities, calling me “disgusting” for showering only 2-3 times a week during the winter due to my depression, a symptom of my schizophrenia, and labelling me a “deluded psychotic nutcase.” That was the moment I knew therapy couldn’t work—not because I didn’t try, but because he refused to change. His abuse in a space meant for healing confirmed what Jewish Women’s Aid (JWA) had warned me about: he was unlikely to change, and staying engaged with him, even in therapy, was unsafe. I ended the sessions that day, choosing to focus on my own healing instead.

The Clare’s Law disclosure and the Non-Molestation Order have given me a foundation to rebuild. The traumas are still there—the fear, the shame, the violation of sacred spaces like our shared love for Jewish Studies—but I’m no longer questioning my reality. I’m working with the First Response team in Plymouth, who’ve been a lifeline during this ordeal, and JWA, who continue to offer culturally sensitive support. I’m also exploring resources like the Freedom Programme online, which helps survivors understand abusive behaviors and their impact. My journey isn’t over, but with the NCDV’s swift action, the police’s validation through Clare’s Law, and my decision to walk away from a failed therapy attempt, I’m finally on a path to healing. To anyone reading this: you deserve safety, validation, and peace—don’t wait to seek the support that can help you find it.

24 Jul 2025
Geriatric Depression in Colombia: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Social Resources, and Interventions
Geriatric depression, a significant mental health concern among older adults, manifests as a range of depressive symptoms that impair quality of life, functional capacity, and overall well-being. In Colombia, a country marked by socioeconomic challenges, historical violence, and a growing ageing population, geriatric depression presents unique complexities. The prevalence of depression among older adults in Colombia is notably high, with studies indicating that up to 41% of individuals over 60 report depressive symptoms (Ministerio de Salud, 2013). This essay explores the prevalence, risk factors, social resources, and interventions for geriatric depression in Colombia, drawing on recent studies to provide a comprehensive analysis. It also addresses the social resources available to mitigate this condition, emphasising their role in fostering mental health resilience.

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Prevalence of Geriatric Depression in Colombia

Depression among older adults in Colombia is a pressing public health issue. According to the Encuesta Nacional de Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE; Ministerio de Salud, 2015), approximately 41% of Colombians aged 60 and older exhibit depressive symptoms, a figure significantly higher than global estimates, which range from 10-20% for older adults (World Health Organisation, 2017). A study conducted in three Colombian cities—Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali—utilising the Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) reported a prevalence of 15% for clinical depression among community-dwelling older adults, with higher rates among women (Gómez et al., 2019). This discrepancy in prevalence estimates may stem from methodological differences, such as self-reported measures versus clinical diagnoses, and the exclusion of rural or institutionalised populations in some studies.

The high prevalence is compounded by underdiagnosis, with nearly half of geriatric depression cases remaining undetected due to stigma, prioritisation of somatic complaints, and limited access to mental health services (Giebel et al., 2023). Colombia’s history of armed conflict, spanning over seven decades, has further exacerbated mental health challenges, with older adults often reporting trauma-related depressive symptoms due to exposure to violence, displacement, or loss (León-Giraldo et al., 2021). The ageing population, projected to increase from 18.7% to 39.5% of the total population by 2050, underscores the urgency of addressing geriatric depression as a public health priority (Guo et al., 2025).

Risk Factors for Geriatric Depression in Colombia

Several risk factors contribute to the high prevalence of geriatric depression in Colombia, encompassing demographic, psychosocial, health-related, and contextual elements. These factors include advancing age, which inherently brings about a decline in physical health and social support networks as older adults often experience the loss of loved ones and friends. In this complex interplay of factors, contextual elements, including societal attitudes towards ageing and mental health stigmas, further complicate the landscape of geriatric depression, emphasising the urgent need for targeted interventions and support systems in Colombia.

1. Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors

Gender is a significant determinant, with women consistently showing higher rates of depression than men. A Bogotá-based study found that being female was associated with a higher risk of depression, potentially due to gender-specific social stressors such as caregiving responsibilities and economic dependency (Rodríguez et al., 2020). Low socioeconomic status and limited education also increase vulnerability, as they restrict access to resources and exacerbate feelings of helplessness (León-Giraldo et al., 2021). Only 23% of Colombians over 60 receive a pension in 2015, leaving many in financial strain, which is a known correlate of depression (SABE, Ministerio de Salud, 2015). However, there is progress as President Gustavo Petro has recently implemented policies targeting these crucial, and problematic factors.

2. Psychosocial Factors

Social isolation and poor social support are critical risk factors. Older adults in Colombia often experience shrinking social networks due to retirement, bereavement, or health decline, which heightens loneliness and depressive symptoms (Ayalon & Levkovich, 2019). Low social support networks were strongly associated with depression, particularly among women. Additionally, exposure to historical violence, including forced displacement and loss of loved ones, has left lasting psychological scars, with older adults reporting persistent trauma (Giebel et al., 2023).

3. Health-Related Factors

Chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cognitive impairment, are prevalent among older Colombians and are closely linked to depression. The SABE survey indicated that 15% of older adults with depression also reported functional deficits, which further impair their ability to engage in daily activities (Gómez et al., 2019). Cognitive decline, assessed using tools like the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (MoCA), is another risk factor, as it compounds feelings of helplessness and reduces coping capacity.

4. Contextual Factors

Colombia’s history of armed conflict and ongoing localised violence contribute significantly to mental health challenges. The 2016 Peace and Disarmament Agreement reduced large-scale conflict, but localised violence persists, perpetuating stress and trauma among older adults (Tamayo-Agudelo & Bell, 2018). The COVID-19 pandemic further intensified these issues, with restrictive measures like physical distancing disproportionately affecting older adults, leading to increased isolation and depression (Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, 2020).

Social Resources for Addressing Geriatric Depression

Social resources play a crucial role in mitigating geriatric depression by fostering social connectedness, providing instrumental support, and reducing isolation. In Colombia, several initiatives and programs target older adults’ mental health, though challenges in accessibility and coverage persist.
- Colombia Mayor: A social pension program that improves social participation but has limited impact on depression due to household resource sharing.
- Community Health Centres: Use tools for screening, though rural access is limited.
- NGOs and Volunteering: Organisations like Fundación para el Bienestar del Adulto Mayor offer social activities, reducing depressive symptoms.
- Digital Support: Internet usage reduces depression by fostering connections, but adoption is low due to digital literacy barriers.
The Above Programmes Explained

The Colombia Mayor program, a social pension initiative, provides cash transfers to low-income older adults to alleviate poverty and improve well-being. The study using the 2015 SABE data found that while the program improved social participation and reduced food insecurity, it had no significant effect on depression levels, possibly due to high levels of intergenerational co-residence, where benefits are shared within households rather than directly benefiting the recipient (Hessel et al., 2020). This highlights the need for targeted mental health components within such programs.

Community-based initiatives, such as those offered by public community health centres, provide screening and support for older adults. A South Korean study, which shares similarities with Colombia’s community-based approach, screened 609 older adults and found that social support moderated the relationship between daily living activities and life satisfaction, suggesting that similar interventions could be effective in Colombia (Kim et al., 2020). In Colombia, community health centres use tools like the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDSSF-K) to identify at-risk individuals, though coverage is limited in rural areas (Gómez et al., 2019).

NGOs and volunteer programs offer social engagement opportunities that can reduce depressive symptoms. A study on volunteering and depression found that older adults who volunteered reported fewer depressive symptoms, particularly when engaged in religious or community activities (Musick & Wilson, 2003). In Colombia, organisations like the Fundación para el Bienestar del Adulto Mayor provide recreational and social activities, fostering a sense of purpose and community. However, these programs are often urban-centric, limiting access for rural older adults.

Digital Support is based on the fact that internet usage has emerged as a potential tool for reducing depression among older adults. A study from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, applicable to middle-income contexts like Colombia, found that internet usage reduced depression levels by 1.41% by facilitating social connections and access to information (Guo et al., 2025). In Colombia, initiatives like the Ministry of Information and Communications’ digital literacy programs aim to bridge the digital divide for older adults, though adoption remains low due to limited access and technological literacy.

Interventions and Treatment Approaches

Effective interventions for geriatric depression in Colombia must address both the depressive syndrome and underlying social adversities. Several evidence-based approaches show promise.
- Psychosocial: Problem-solving treatment (PST) combined with case management shows promise for low-income older adults.
- Pharmacological and Integrated Care: Community-based antidepressant management improves outcomes.
- Home-Based Care: Depression care management in home healthcare settings enhances functioning.
Now, let’s explore these in more detail:

Psychosocial Interventions

Problem-solving treatment (PST) combined with case management has shown feasibility in addressing geriatric depression among low-income older adults. A model developed by UCSF and Cornell University integrates PST with case management, teaching patients to identify problems, set goals, and create action plans while linking them to social services (Areán et al., 2010). In Colombia, such interventions could be adapted for community health centres, where nurses are well-positioned to deliver depression care management (DCM).

Pharmacological and Integrated Care

Antidepressant medication management integrated into primary care settings has improved depression outcomes in older adults, with benefits lasting up to two years (Hunkeler et al., 2006). In Colombia, the transition from hospital-based to community-based mental health care, initiated by the 1990 Declaration of Caracas, has increased access to such treatments, though rural areas lag behind (Caldas de Almeida & Horvitz-Lennon, 2010).

Home-Based Care

Home-based care is particularly effective for older adults with mobility limitations or disabilities. Studies integrating mental health care into home healthcare (HHC) settings have shown reduced depression and improved functioning (Rabins et al., 2000). In Colombia, HHC nurses could be trained to implement DCM, leveraging tools like the OASIS-C depression screening to identify and manage cases (Pickett et al., 2022).

Challenges and Recommendations

Despite the availability of social resources and interventions, several challenges hinder effective management of geriatric depression in Colombia. Limited mental health infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, restricts access to care. Stigma surrounding mental health discourages older adults from seeking help, and the prioritisation of physical health over mental health in clinical settings exacerbates underdiagnosis (Giebel et al., 2023). Additionally, the lack of integration between social programs like Colombia Mayor and mental health services limits their impact on depression.

To address these challenges, the following recommendations are proposed:
1. Enhance Community-Based Screening: Expand the use of validated tools in community health centres and train healthcare workers to recognise atypical presentations of depression in older adults.
2. Integrate Mental Health into Social Programs: Incorporate mental health components into programs like Colombia Mayor, such as peer support groups or counselling, to directly address depressive symptoms.
3. Promote Digital Inclusion: Increase investment in digital literacy programs to enable older adults to access online mental health resources and social networks.
4. Strengthen Rural Access: Develop mobile health units and telehealth services to reach rural older adults and ensure equitable access to mental health care.
5. Combat Stigma: Launch public awareness campaigns to reduce stigma and encourage help-seeking behaviours among older adults.
Conclusion

Geriatric depression in Colombia is a multifaceted issue driven by socioeconomic disparities, historical trauma, and health challenges. While social resources like Colombia Mayor, community health centres, and NGO-led initiatives offer valuable support, their impact on depression is limited by accessibility and integration issues. Evidence-based interventions, such as PST, integrated care, and home-based DCM, show promise but require broader implementation. By addressing structural barriers and leveraging social resources, Colombia can enhance mental health outcomes for its ageing population, ensuring that older adults live with dignity and resilience.

References

Areán, P. A., Raue, P., Kanellopoulos, D., Sirey, J. A., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (2010). Treating depression in disabled, low-income elderly: A conceptual model and recommendations for care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(8), 765–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2556

Ayalon, L., & Levkovich, I. (2019). A systematic review of research on social networks of older adults. The Gerontologist, 59(3), e164–e176. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx218

Caldas de Almeida, J. M., & Horvitz-Lennon, M. (2010). Mental health care reforms in Latin America: An overview of mental health care in Latin America and the Caribbean. Psychiatric Services, 61(3), 218–221. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2010.61.3.218

Giebel, C., Zuluaga, M. I., Martinez, R., Castro, S., & Gomez, D. (2023). “Mental health has been left behind”: A qualitative exploration of stakeholders’ perceptions of older adults’ mental well-being in Colombia. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 35(4), 512–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2023.2201818

Gómez, F., Corchuelo, J., Curcio, C. L., Calzada, M. T., & Mendez, F. (2019). Depression in the elderly: A study in three cities of Colombia. Revista Redalyc, 21(3), 45–56. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=10557689004

Guo, L., Li, Y., Cheng, K., Zhao, Y., Yin, W., & Liu, Y. (2025). Impact of internet usage on depression among older adults: Comprehensive study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27, e65399. https://doi.org/10.2196/65399

Hessel, P., Avendano, M., Torres, J. M., & Barrientos, A. (2020). Association between social pensions with depression, social, and health behaviors among poor older individuals in Colombia. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 75(9), 2006–2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa149

Hunkeler, E. M., Katon, W., Tang, L., Williams, J. W., Kroenke, K., Lin, E. H., & Unützer, J. (2006). Long term outcomes from the IMPACT randomised trial for depressed elderly patients in primary care. BMJ, 332(7536), 259–263. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38683.710255.BE

Kim, J., Lee, S., & Chun, S. (2020). Depression, loneliness, social support, activities of daily living, and life satisfaction in older adults at high-risk of dementia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207648

León-Giraldo, S., Casas, G., Cuervo, J. D., Florez, F., & Botero, J. (2021). Mental health outcomes among older adults in Colombia: The role of conflict and socioeconomic factors. PLoS ONE, 16(3), e0248484. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248484

Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social (2013). Sistema Nacional de Estudios y Encuestas Poblacionales para la Salud: Conceptualización y Guía Metodológica. Bogotá: Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Available at: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/ED/GCFI/guia-estudios-poblacionales.pdf (Accessed: 4 June 2025).

Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social (2015). Encuesta Nacional de Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE Colombia 2015): Resumen Ejecutivo. Bogotá: Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Available at: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/lists/bibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/ED/GCFI/Resumen-ejecutivo-encuesta-SABE.pdf (Accessed: 4 June 2025).

Musick, M. A., & Wilson, J. (2003). Volunteering and depression: The role of psychological and social resources in different age groups. Social Science & Medicine, 56(2), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00025-4

Pickett, Y., Raue, P. J., & Bruce, M. L. (2022). Evaluation of geriatric home healthcare depression assessment and care management: Are OASIS-C depression requirements enough? Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 23(5), 789–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2021.08.036

Rabins, P. V., Black, B. S., Roca, R., German, P., McGuire, M., Robbins, B., & Brant, L. (2000). Effectiveness of a nurse-based outreach program for identifying and treating psychiatric illness in the elderly. JAMA, 283(21), 2802–2809. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.21.2802

Tamayo-Agudelo, W., & Bell, V. (2018). Armed conflict and mental health in Colombia. BJPsych International, 16(2), 40–42. https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2018.4

World Health Organization. (2017). Mental health of older adults. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults (Accessed: 25 May 2025)
24 Jun 2025
When Love Turns to Chaos: Surviving a Partner’s Addiction and Emotional Games

I’m staring at my phone again, waiting for a reply that hasn’t come. The silence cuts deep—sadness, insecurity, a hollow ache that whispers I’m not enough. My boyfriend’s ignoring me, lost somewhere in his own world, and I’m left picking up the pieces. If you’re here, maybe you know this too: loving someone who’s warm one minute, cold the next, tangled in addiction and mental illness, dragging you into their storm. I’m writing this because I’ve lived it—and I want you to feel seen. You’re not alone in this mess.

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For me, it’s a split reality. Five days a week, he’s lovely. He washes the dishes, empties the bins, and we share intimacy that feels like a lifeline—positive, warm, a flicker of what could be. It’s enough to keep me holding on. Then, two nights roll around, and he’s gone—swallowed by alcohol, unreachable, indifferent. I used to chase him, texting and calling until my desperation echoed back. Now, I just wait, but the hurt doesn’t fade.

His drinking isn’t just a habit—it’s a wedge splitting us apart. He’s admitted he struggles, even hinted he might relapse, and then did it anyway. Those two nights, he’s not just absent; he’s checked out. I’ve tried talking, crying, reasoning—nothing breaks through. Addiction’s a monster, and I get that. But when it’s tangled with mental illness, it’s a double blow. He’s not just distant; he’s erratic. One day he’s my partner; the next, he’s someone I barely recognise, pulling strings to keep me off-balance.

The provocations sting most. He’ll poke at me—until I crack. Then, when I’m upset, he turns it around: “You’re crazy,” he says. He’s called me a “psycho” more than once. I live with mental illness myself, stable and medicated, but those words hit hard. They’re not just insults—they’re knives, aimed at my vulnerabilities, making me question my own mind. I feel gaslit, like I’m the one losing it when he’s the one spinning out.

Lately, it’s gotten uglier—threats that linger like shadows. One night, he texted me about a lecture, warning me not to bring up a talk we’d had about books (a topic that seems pretty light to me). “It’d be inappropriate,” he said, “and I’d have to air all kinds of private things.” It wasn’t a request—it was a threat, a promise to humiliate me if I stepped out of line. Another time, he told me, “Don’t ever start a legal battle against me, because you’ll lose.” A a cold, intimidating jab. Was it the alcohol talking, loosening his filter? Or something darker, a need to control me? I don’t know, but it’s chilling. Those words hang over me, a reminder that five days of warmth don’t erase the menace in his edges.

I realise that those threats aren’t just words—they’re a shift. They’re him saying, “Stay quiet, or I’ll make you regret it.” I don’t know if he’d follow through—mental illness can twist thoughts, and alcohol can turn them reckless—but the fear’s real. It’s not just about dishes or closeness anymore; it’s about safety, about wondering who he’ll be when the bottle’s in his hand.

Why do I stay? I love him. Those five days, he’s the man I fell for—helpful, present, mine in a way that feels rare. But the two nights, the provocations, the threats—they’re eating me alive. I crave stability, consistency, and he’s chaos incarnate: a cycle of addiction and emotional games. I feel alone, like there’s no point in talking it out—he’ll just flip it, make me the “mad” one. I’m suffering, and he knows it, banking on my silence to keep me tethered.

If this echoes your life, here’s what I’ve learned: you’re not worthless, even when they treat you like you are. Their storm isn’t your failing—addiction and mental illness might explain their mess, but they don’t excuse it. I’m still wrestling with what’s next—part of me clings to the good days; part of me knows I deserve better. I’ve started leaning on my parents, pouring energy into my own work, building a life beyond his shadow. I’ve stopped chasing him, and that’s a quiet strength I didn’t know I had.

Here’s what I’d tell you, from one woman to another. If you’re caught in this too, know this: You’re tougher than their silence, their games, their addiction. We’re in this together, even if it’s just through these words. Let’s keep pushing for the steadiness we deserve.

10 Apr 2025