Understanding Hezbollah: Roots, Beliefs, and Goals

Hezbollah, a Lebanese political and military organisation, has been a major player in Middle Eastern politics for decades. Its actions often draw international attention, yet understanding the group requires delving beyond sensational headlines and digging into its historical context, beliefs, and goals.

Hezbollah emerged during the Lebanese civil war, which began in 1975. Inspired by the Iranian revolution, Lebanese Shi’a Muslims sought to protect their community and resist Israeli forces occupying southern Lebanon. Hezbollah, meaning “Party of God,” gained popularity by providing social services, such as healthcare and education, to residents in Shiite-majority areas.

One of the key factors shaping Hezbollah’s beliefs is its adherence to Twelver Shi’a Islam, the largest branch within the sect. Twelver Shi’ism asserts that only 12 imams, the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad, are legitimate successors, with the 12th Imam currently in occultation and expected to return as the messiah. This eschatological belief system combines religious devotion with political activism, influencing Hezbollah’s ideological objectives.

Hezbollah maintains close ties with Iran, often seen as its main backer, assisting with finances, training, and weapons. However, reducing Hezbollah solely to an Iranian proxy would oversimplify its intricate dynamics. Indeed, Hezbollah has its own distinct agenda, gaining power in Lebanese politics and defending its perceived resistance against Israel.

Resisting Israeli occupation has been the defining element of Hezbollah’s military wing. Following Israel’s invasion of Lebanon in 1982, Hezbollah fought a guerrilla war, eventually forcing Israeli forces out of southern Lebanon in 2000. This victory boosted its reputation as a formidable fighting force and led to increased support among Lebanese Shi’a communities.

However, Hezbollah’s military actions have not been limited to defending Lebanon’s borders. Its involvement in regional conflicts, such as the Syrian civil war, has complicated its image. While pro-regime forces view them as crucial allies, critics accuse Hezbollah of exacerbating sectarian tensions and extending Iran’s influence in the region.

In recent years, Hezbollah has further cemented its position in Lebanese politics. It holds seats in the Lebanese parliament and operates across various sectors, including media, education, and social welfare. This dual existence as both a political and military organisation has led to ongoing debates about whether Hezbollah should be seen solely as a militia or as a legitimate political party.

Due to Hezbollah’s ideological and operational complexity, opinions about the group are fiercely divided. Critics point to its involvement in acts of terrorism, including the 1983 bombings of the U.S. embassy and Marine barracks in Beirut. Others applaud its resistance against Israeli aggression and see its social services as evidence of their commitment to their communities.

Understanding Hezbollah requires grappling with its historical context, ideological beliefs, and multifaceted roles in Lebanese politics and regional conflicts. Labelling the organisation as black or white oversimplifies its intricate reality. Instead, striving for an unbiased, nuanced assessment is essential to grasp the complexities and motivations behind their actions.

Credits: The image is from the Council on Foreign Relations.